Задания по дисциплине Английский язык

Провести системный анализ литературного произведения по 10 пунктам:

    Мес то произведения в творчестве автора.
    Литературный контекст произведения.
    Род, вид, жанр произведения.
    Композиция произведения.
    Образная система произведения.
    Язык и стиль произведения.
    Тема, проблематика произведения.
    Идейный замысел автора. Смысл названия произведения.
    Авторская позиция. Способы выражения авторского отношения.
    Значение произведения.TASK1. Rewrite the following passage filling in the gaps with the words which have already appeared in the text. Put the words in the appropriate form.
Example: The investors in a …
COMPANY FORMATION

Sometimes two or more people own and run a business. This is called a partnership. People who invest money in a business are called investors. The i……… in a p……… are all partners or owners. Usually all the p……… have personal unlimited liability for debts to creditors. A p……… who i………. money in a partnership but who doesn’t run the business is called a sleeping p………. . Sometimes a s……… partner can have limited l……… (his liability is l………. to the amount of money he i……….).
Unlike a sole proprietorship, if a business owned by one man (a sole proprietor) runs into trouble, the owner is liable to pay all the debts to his creditors, even if he has to sell his private possessions. A s……… p……… is personally l……… to his c………


TASK2. Complete the following extract by choosing the correct word or phrase for each blank space from the list below. Use a dictionary to find the meaning of the words you don’t know.
Example: 1p
GOVERNMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

A state cannot exist for long, or at least cannot come into existence, unless it has a government. But the state must not be identified with its _______ (1); the state’s international rights and ______ (2) are not affected by a change of government. Thus the post-war governments of West Germany and Italy have paid ______ (3) for the wrongs inflicted by the Nazi and Fascist ______ (4).
Recognition is one of the difficult subjects in international _______ (5). When a new state comes into _______ (6), other states are confronted with the problem of deciding whether or not to _______ (7) the new _______ (8). Recognition means a willingness to deal with the new state as a member of the international ______ (9). The first example in history was the _____ (10) in 1648 by Spain of the United Netherlands, which had declared their ______ (11) in 1581. Another well-known example is the dispute between France and Britain on the status of the United States when it ______ (12) its independence. At that time Britain took the view that title to territory could never be ______ (13) by revolution or war without recognition by the former sovereign. It was the view of France, however, which was based on the doctrine of effectiveness that became the accepted principle in the nineteenth ______ (14).
Recognition of another state does not lead to any obligation to establish full ______ (15) relations or other specific links with that state. This remains a matter of political discretion. Nor does the _____________ (16) of diplomatic relations automatically lead to de-recognition.

a) independence
e) diplomatic
i) recognition
m) declared

    b) termination
f) law
j) state
n) regimes

    c) recognize
g) compensation
k) existence
o) century  
    d) established
h) duties
l) government
p) community

TASK3. Read the following text and complete the tasks below.

SOURCES OF EUROPEAN LAW

Treaties are the highest source of EC (now EU) law, and as well as laying down general aims of the Union, they themselves create some rights and obligations. If a Treaty provision is unconditional, clear and precise, and leaves no discretion on implementing it, it can be used by individuals in their own national courts, just as if it came from the statute passed by the national government. This is described as having direct effect. There are two types of direct effect: vertical direct effect gives individuals rights against governments; and horizontal direct effect gives rights against other people and organizations. Treaty provisions, which are unconditional, clear and precise, have both horizontal and vertical direct effect. Directly effective Treaty provisions, take precedence over any national law which conflicts with them. Treaty provisions which are merely statements of intent or policy, rather than establishing clear rights and duties, require detailed legislation to be made before they can be enforced in the member states.
Besides EC Treaties themselves, community law, adopted by the Council – or by the Parliament and Council co-decision procedure – may take the following forms:
- regulations are the nearest Union law that comes to a national Act of Parliament. Regulations apply throughout the Union, usually to people in general, and they become part of the law of each member nation as soon as they come into force, without the need of each country to make its own legislation.
- directives are less precisely worded than Regulations, because they aim to set out broad objectives, leaving the member states to create their own detailed legislation in order to put those objectives into practice (within specified time limits). As a result, it was originally assumed by most member states that directives could not have direct effect, and would not create individual rights until they had been translated into domestic legislation.
- decisions may be addressed to a state, a person or a company and are binding only on the recipient. Examples include granting, or refusing export licenses to companies from outside the European Union.
- recommendations and opinions may be issued by the Council and the Commission and, although not to be disregarded, are not binding law.
Community legislation is published in the Official Journal in all the official languages.

a) Choose the correct alternative to answer the questions:
Example: 1c
1. What is the primary source of European Union law?
a) regulations
b) directives
c) treaties
2. What does the phrase ‘having direct effect’ mean?
a) a Treaty provision can be used by individuals in the member states as their national
legislation
b) it requires national legislation to be made before it can be used in national courts
c) it leaves discretion to the member states on implementing it
3. What Treaty provisions take precedence over any national law?
a) those which are mere statements of intent
b) those which have both vertical and horizontal direct effect
4. What community law is directly applied in the member states without the need for national measures to implement them?
a) regulations
b) directives
c) decisions
5. When do directives create individual rights?
a) when they are more precisely formulated
b) when they are translated into national legislation
c) when they set out broad objectives
6. In what way are decisions binding on the member states?
a) they apply to people in general
b) they are directly effective law
c) they are binding in all their aspects upon those to whom they are addressed.
7. In what language is community legislation published in the Official Journal?
a) in English
b) in any of the official languages of the Union
c) in any of the official languages of the member states

b) Study the following words on the left in the context of the text and then match each word to its description on the right.
Example: 1d

1) treaty
2) discretion
3) to implement
4) to pass (a law)
5) statute
6) precedence
7) provision
    a) condition or clause in a legal document
b) freedom of action according to one’s own judgment
c) to carry sth into effect
d) formal agreement made and signed between nations
e) law passed by a lawmaking body
f) to approve formally by a legislature
g) right to a priority (to be considered first)

c) Translate the paragraph in italics into Russian in written form.

TASK4. Complete the following extract by choosing the correct word or phrase for each blank space from the list below.
Oxfam
In its 70 years of history, Oxfam has (1) … itself from a local charity in Oxford, UK, to an international aid (2)…. The Oxford Committee for Famine Relief was (3)… in 1942 to campaign for food to be sent to starving (4)… in Belgium and Greece during World War II. Today there are 17 member organizations of the Oxfam International Confederation. It is perhaps best known for its emergency relief in areas (5)… by natural disasters and conflict, but Oxfam is also (6)… in long-term development projects and (7)… for issues such as climate change, fair trade, better health and education and the (8)… of poverty. One of its current campaigns is ‘GROW Food. Life. Planet’ which aims to (9)… sure that everyone always has enough to eat. Oxfam relies on (10)… and volunteers from the general public for much of its work.

TASK5.  Read the following text and complete the tasks below.

Transparency International: Fighting Corruption
The fight against corruption has intensified with the setting up of Transparency International (TI) and its chapters in many countries across the world. A non-governmental organization based in Berlin, Transparency International was founded in 1993 by a group of individuals who had become increasingly aware of the devastating effects of corruption on human development and its distorting effect on trade and investment. The group aims to stamp out corruption.
TI defines corruption as the use of public office for private gain. Decisions are made not for public benefit but for private interests. Costs incurred are high and prestigious projects are favored over cost-efficient development projects. Access to basic social and economic rights such as education, medical care, adequate shelter and clean water are jeopardized. The environment is threatened and human rights abuse flourishes.
TI believes that the stamping out of corruption is not the responsibility of any one agency but the responsibility of all parties concerned. Every section of society must pitch in because corruption affects everyone, especially the poor. The government, non-governmental organizations, members of society as well as the local and international business communities must work together if corruption is to be combated at all levels. As a first step, TI ropes in governments to set up chapters in countries. The function of each national chapter is to seek consensus and bring about systematic reform at both national and international levels. The media is also brought into the picture as one of the primary aims of each chapter is to raise public awareness. TI does not believe in broadcasting names or attacking individuals but in building systems that combat corruption.
TI publishes a quarterly newsletter and an annual Corruption Perception Index. The index ranks countries from the cleanest to the most corrupt, based on the perception of the international business community, risk analysts and the general public. Over the past two decades, Denmark, New Zealand and Finland have topped the list as the countries seen to have the least level of corruption. Somalia, Sudan and Nigeria have been found at the bottom. In response to criticisms that the Corruption Perception Index had tended to put unfair emphasis on developing countries, another ranking system was devised. This is the Bribe Payers Index (BPI) which attempts to gauge the tendency to bribe senior public officials by major corporations. 2011 Bribe Payers index ranks 28 of the world’s largest economies according to the perceived likelihood of companies from these countries to pay bribes abroad. It is based on the views of business executives as captured by Transparency International’s Survey. The survey ranks the Netherlands as the country least likely to offer bribes while China and Russia occupy the bottom spot at number 27 and 28 respectively.

a) Choose the best alternative to complete the statements below.
1. Transparency International was established by ….
a) the German government aware of high corruption rates
b) a few concerned individuals
c) a group of non-governmental organizations
2. TI characterizes corruption as ….
a) the use of public office for personal needs
b) abusing human rights
c) making decisions for public benefit
3. The crucial role of Transparency International in its fight against corruption is in ….
a) growing the network of its branches
b) sharing its survey results
c) getting people in different countries to join its organization
4. One of the most powerful tools that can ensure success in the efforts of TI is  .
a) the government machinery
b) the mass media
c) the Corruption Perception Index
5. The Bribe Payers Index was launched ….
a) to show the developing countries that tended to pay bribes abroad
b) to criticize the Corruption Perception Index
c) to show likelihood of firms from the world’s industrialized countries to bribe abroad

b) Choose the best translation for each of these phrases from the text.
1. Prestigious projects are favored over cost-efficient development projects
a) Предпочтение отдается престижным проектам, а не экономически выгодным проектам развития
b) Престижные проекты находятся в более выгодном положении, чем экономически выгодные проекты развития
2. topped the list as the countries seen to have the least level of corruption
a) возглавили список, поскольку страны, которые, как считается, имеют наименьший уровень коррупции
b) возглавили список стран, которые считаются наименее коррумпированными
3. believe in broadcasting names
a) полагаться на распространение имен в СМИ  
b) выступать за обнародование имен
4. The media is also brought into the picture
a) СМИ также привлекается
b) СМИ также упоминается
5. to put unfair emphasis on
a) несправедливо выделять
b)  уделять недостаточное внимание

c)  Study the following words in the context of the text and choose the meaning of each word (a, or b) that fits the context best.  
1. to gauge
a) to calculate an amount
b) to make a judgment about something
2. a chapter
a) a part of a book, or a document
b) a local division of an organization
3. a spot
a) a place
b) a small amount
4. public office
a) a position of authority
b) a room in a public building

d) Using your own words as far as possible, summarize the information about Transparency International. Your summary should not exceed 130 words in length.


GRAMMAR

To complete this test refer to GRAMMAR REFERENCE for revision.

TASK1. Choose the right variant.
Example: 1) can’t you
1) Be quiet, (cannot you? can't you? don’t you?)
2) Johnny isn't back home, and it's after ten o'clock. (Not to, not, don’t) worry. He's only a few minutes late.
3) I'm sorry. I didn't hear you. Please (say that again, don’t say that again, you say it again).
4) (You, Do, Don’t) get out of here!
5) Here's the hotel registration form. Please (do fill it out, fill it out, you fill it out).
6) (Do, Don't, Doesn't) drive your car. You are drunk.
7) It's a nice day. Let's (not, don’t, not to) take the bus. Let's walk to the theatre.
8) She is very much excited. Let (us, her, him) sit down and relax.
9) The package is ready. Let (they, them, their) take it to the post office.
10) (Let me, Let’s, Let him) do it together.
11) Let her (don’t, not)) do it.
12) (Not, Don’t) let (he, his, him) do it.

TASK2. Put the words in brackets into the gaps. Mind the positive or the negative forms of the Imperative Mood.
1) ___ him play here. (not/to let)
2) Let him ___ your book. (not/to take)
3) ___ another cookie! (to do/ to have)
4) Please _____ in here. (to smoke/not)
5) _____ silly! She couldn't steal your money. (not, to be)

TASK3. Put the words in the proper order to make sentences.
1) drive fast. too Don't
2) the Close door.
3) open Sit down book your and 26. at page
4) listen me. You, to
5) a word. say Let's not

TASK4. Complete each sentence below with the best answer.
Example: 1a
1. If I … to work so much, I would have gone to the party last night.
a) didn’t have
b) haven’t
c) hadn’t had
2. If I had won the lottery, I … rich.
a) be
b) were
c) would be
3. If Roberts … born in the United States, she wouldn’t need a visa to work there.
a) was
b) were
c) had been
4. If I … rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.
a) were
b) be
c) would be
5. Nothing would happen if you … me the truth.
a) told
b) tell
c) had told

TASK5. Using the words in brackets, complete the sentences below with the appropriate conditional forms.
Example: 1) spoke; would have translated

1) If Heather (speak) Chinese, she (translate) the e-mail for you yesterday.
2) If I (have) enough money, I (go) on safari in Kenya. However, my bank account is empty!
3) I really wanted to go on safari to Kenya with my friends, but I couldn’t afford to go. If I (have) enough money, I (go) with them.
4) I love to travel! If I (have) enough money, I (go) abroad. I do it almost every year.
5) I’m afraid I won’t be able to come to your wedding next week because my company is sending me to New York to attend a trade show. I (miss, never) your wedding if I (have) a choice in the matter.
6) If you (help) me move tomorrow, I (treat) you to a dinner and a movie.
7) Unless you (buy) such an old car, you (not/have) to fix it all the time.
8) If I (be) you, I (order) more food for the last party.
9) If she (leave) last night, she (be) in London now.
10) The grass (look) better if you (water) it before.

TASK6. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing.
1. Were states to disappear, the present international community would either fall apart or change radically.
2. It is obligatory that agreements should not conflict with the rules of international law.
3. Had the circumstances been more favorable the parties would have come to an agreement.
4. If the insurrection is widespread and protracted in time, and rebels come to acquire stable control over a part of the territory, the central authorities or third States may grant the recognition of belligerency.
5. It is evident that conventional international law should take any form that the contracting parties agree upon.
6. Strong sovereign nations let diverse countries with different values, different cultures, and different dreams not just coexist, but work side by side on the basis of mutual respect.
7. Insurgents are born from a wound in the body of a particular State and are not, therefore, easily accepted by the international community unless they can prove able to exercise some of the sovereign rights typical of States.
8. The world itself behaves as if it were an enormous but weak magnet.
9. It would be a mistake to think that they are unaware of the violation of the international law.
10. I wish general principles common to systems of national law were observed.
11. They demand that their company be given free access to this country.
12. «So let this be our mission, and let this be our message to the world. We will fight together, sacrifice together, and stand together for peace, for freedom, for justice…» ( Donald Trump)


GRAMMAR REFERENCE
VERB FORMS
Формы глагола

MOODS
Наклонения

QUIZ
1) What mood is this sentence: Give me your phone.
2) What mood is used to ask a question?
indicative    imperative    subjunctive
3) What mood is this sentence: If I were taller, I would have been a model.
4) Is this sentence in the indicative, imperative or emphatic mood?
Where are you going for vacation?
5) Which of these tenses are forms of the indicative mood?
Simple
    Progressive
    Perfect
    All of them

6) Rewrite this sentence in the imperative mood.
Can you tell me what your favorite flavor of ice cream is?
a) What kind of ice cream do you like?
b) Tell me what your favorite ice cream flavor is.
c)-I do like ice cream.
d) Eat your ice cream.
7) Identify the verb in this sentence and tell its mood: Pay over there.
8) Translate the sentence: Make him do it.
a) Пусть он сделает это.
b) Заставьте его сделать это.
c) Попроси его сделать это.
9) How do we form the imperative mood?
to V    V1    V
10) Which of the following is imperative?
a) Do not forget your water bottle.
b) Do you like my new shoes?


THE IMPERATIVE
Повелительное наклонение
Повелительные предложения адресованы второму лицу (you), которое обычно не упоминается. Число и время не имеют значения.

Особые случаи
для придания эмоциональной окраски

Повелительные предложения, обращенные к 1-му или 3-му лицам единственного или множественного числа:

Отрицательная форма таких предложений:

THE SUBLUNCTIVE
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Условные предложения

Conditional Sentences are also known as If Clauses. They consist of 2 parts: Main Clause (without if) and Conditional Clause (with if). They are used to express that an action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled.
Example:
If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
I will go to Japan if I have enough money
(If the main clause is at the beginning of the sentence, don't use a comma.)

There are three basic types of Conditional Sentences:
1. First Conditional: If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
2. Second Conditional: If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.
3. Third Conditional: If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.

First Conditional
Meaning: It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Present, will + Infinitive
Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation. (Если я найду ее адрес, я пошлю ей приглашение.)

Note: Main clause and/or if-clause might be negative.
Example: If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening. (Если я не увижу его днем, я позвоню ему вечером.)

Second Conditional
Meaning: It is possible but very unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past, would + Infinitive
Time: This condition refers to present time (now), although the TENSE is past.
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation. (Если бы я нашел ее адрес, я бы послал ей приглашение.)

Note: Main clause and/ or if-clause might be negative.
Example: If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here. (Если бы у меня было много денег, я бы не остался здесь.)
Third Conditional
Meaning: It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled as it refers to the past.
Form: if + Past Perfect, would + have + Past Participle
Time: This condition refers to past time (we are talking about the situation which was not so in the past).
Example: If I had found her address then, I would have sent her an invitation. (Если бы я нашел ее адрес тогда, я бы послал ей приглашение.)

Remember!
1) The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in if-clauses.
EXCEPTION: If will or would express willingness, as in requests, they can be used in if-clauses.
If you will come this way, the manager will see you now. (=Please, come this way.)
I would be grateful if you would give me a little help. (=Please, give me a little help.)

2) For the Second Conditional were replaces was.
If I were a rich man …
If he were a rich man …

3) After if, we can either use “some (-one, -where …)” or “any (-one, -where …)”.
If I have some spare time next weekend …
or:
If I have any spare time …

4) Instead of if not we can use unless.
I’ll accept the job unless the salary is too low. (I’ll accept the job if the salary is not too low.)

5) There is a “mixed type” as well, for the present results of an unreal condition in the past.
If + Past Perfect, would + Infinitive
If you had warned me (then), I would not be in prison (now).

6) Absence of IF
The conjunction IF is sometimes omitted in the conditional sentences in which the if-clause contains SHOULD, WERE or HAD. In such cases, SHOULD, WERE, or HAD is moved to the beginning of the sentence and stands before the subject of the if-clause. In the negative sentences without IF, the negative particle NOT is not contracted with the auxiliary verb and stands after the subject of the subordinate clause.
Examples:
Real condition (first type):
If Mr. Rox should call, ask him to call me again after five. – Should Mr. Rox call, ask him to call me again after five.
Unreal condition (second type, negative form):
If I weren't so tired, I would help you. – Were I not so tired, I would help you.
Unreal condition (third type):
If he had known about it, he would have refused to go there. – Had he known about it, he would have refused to go there.