Task 1. Open the brackets and put the verb in the correct tense-aspect form.
1. The plane to London (to take off) at 6:50.
2. Water (to boil) at 100 degrees C and (to freeze) when the temperature (to drop) below 0 degrees C.
3. These days, technology (to develop) faster and faster than ever before.
4. More and more forests (to disappear) because of fires.
5. He (to break) his PC.
6. My father (to be) the manager of this firm for 10 years.
7. They (to spend) their holidays in France last winter.
8. First, he (to read) her letter, then he (to call) her.
9. People (to travel) on foot in those days.
10. At three o’clock yesterday afternoon, the students (to write) their test paper.
11. He (to sleep) when someone (to ring) the door bell.
12. She (to clean) the room while he (to read) the book.
13. Bill (to crash) his car in a car accident, so he had to use public transport for two months.
14. I hope, water pollution levels (to drop) soon.
15. Do you think you (to get) your diploma?
16. This time next week, I (to climb) the Everest.
17. They (to finish) their project by five o’clock this afternoon.
18. By the time she retires, she (to work) for the same company for twenty years.
19. They (to be married) for fifteen years before they divorced.
20. His parents think he will be a successful lawyer one day.
Task 2. Choose the correct form of the verb in the Passive Voice. Circle it.
1. His books ... (to read ) always with great interest.
2. The room looks nice. It ... (to decorate).
3. There was somebody walking behind us. We ... (follow).
4. The newspapers ... (to receive) every day.
5. This river ... (to swim across) before.
6. He said that Grandfather’s visit ... (to expect) the day before.
7. The cable ... (to bring) at 7 o’clock yesterday.
8. The concert ... (to broadcast) tomorrow at 3 o’clock.
9. The issue ... (to discuss) for 3 hours.
10. This article ... (to publish) by 5 o’clock tomorrow.
11. He found out that the painting ... (to to buy) by a rich American.
12. Many new houses ... (to build) this year.
13. The doctor ... (to send for) just.
14. This singer ... (to hear about) since he announced the end of his career.
15. He complains that he ... (find fault with) always.
16. The teacher said that our papers ... (to check) the following day.
17. This colour ... (to match) my eyes.
18. Tom and Bill ... (to design) the project yet.
19. He seldom kept his promises. He ... (to rely on).
20. What did she say? She said that in five years these problems …(to forget) .
Task 3. Put the correct form of the verb in brackets applying the rules of the Sequence of Tenses.
1. I told him that I ... (to see) his brother for a long time.
2. We told he teacher that we ... (to understand) his question.
3. Mother warned the children ... t (to enter) he room.
4. I asked Frank ... (to buy) a new car.
5. He asked Roger when he (to come back)... .
6. Mary said that her luggage ... (to take) to the station in 3 hours.
7. Do you know where Tom ... (to go) ?
8. He said that he ... (to leave) Moscow the day before.
9. He said that he ... (to pay a visit) to London 5 years ago.
10. I asked my mother what the teacher…. (to say)
11. The mistress said that our class ... (to teach) by another teacher next year.
12. The librarian said that books ... (to keep) at home.
13. Father reminded me ... (to post) those letters.
14. I knew that he ... (to live) in Minsk since 1968.
15. She thought they ... (to wait) for her at 6 o’clock at the bus-stop.
16. He said that he ... (to graduate) from the University 5 years ago.
17. She said that Nick ... (to tell) her that he was writing a poem.
18. I thought that he would tell her that he ... (to intend) to go to London today.
19. He was not able to translate the article because he ... (to know) English well enough.
20. Galileo proved that the Earth ... (to move) round the Sun.
Task 4. Circle the correct answer from the suggested variants (a, b, c, d).
1. He… a lot of gardening.
2. You … make any noise after 11 o’clock.
3. I …swim very well.
4. … you tell me the time?
5. I … do the work today. I have plenty of time.
6. Must we hurry? – No, you …., we have so much time.
7. According to the rules of the library you …keep the books for afortnight5.
8. Before translating the text you … look through the words.
9. He … be for an appointment at 9 o’clock.
10. You …tell anyone what I said.
11. We …run all the way to the station because we were late for the train.
12. It is your own fault you are so tired. You … have gone to bed so late.
13. You … be working when I came into the room, not talking.
14. You …. eat in the lecture halls.
15. ….you were a uniform at work?
16. I have already known the truth, so you ….lie to me.
Task 5. Read the text and fill in the gaps with an appropriate word from the box.
argument, government, document, to revise
fulfilled, compromise, pressed,
Constitution, amendments, adopted.
In 1787, delegates from the states met in Philadelphia 1)…… the Articles of Confederation, but instead they did much more than that. They wrote a completely new 2) …, the Constitution, which after much 3) …., debate, and 4)…. was finished in the same year and officially 5) …. by the13 states by 1790.
The 6)…… of the USA was not perfect. It is not perfect today even with 7)…….., but it has continued longer than any other written form of 8) ….. It 9) ….. the promises of the Declaration of Independence of 1776, which 10) …… people’s desire to be free and develop the talents given them by the Creator.
Task 6. Mark the sentences as True or False.
1. The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the National Government.
a) True
b) False.
2. The existence of the Congress, its authority and limitations are provided by the Constitution, Article I.
a) True
b) False
3. The Senate is the lower chamber of the US legislature and is composed of 100 senators.
a) True
b) False
4. Two senators from each state are elected with regard to density of population.
a) True
b) False
5. Senators are elected to six-year terms, but only one-third of the Senate is reelected.
a) True
b) False
6. The members of the House of Representatives, the upper chamber of the US Congress, is 435.
a) True
b) False
7. By the constitution each state is represented in the House according to population.
a) True
b) False
8. Under the Constitution , the Senate has some special powers, not given to the House of Representatives.
a) True
b) False
9. The main function of the Congress is to make laws.
a) True
b) False
10. The US Constitution also gives Congress the authority to propose amendments to the Constitution.
a) True
b) False
Task 7. Read and translate the text “Non-Elected Parliamentary Chamber” in writing.
The House of Lords is the only non-elected second parliamentary chamber in the world. It is characterized as an anachronistic body of aristocracy in a modern progressive democracy. Today its power in the legislative process has decreased dramatically. Out of 1000 members only one third attend the sittings of the House regularly as traditionally only three members are required for a quorum.
Low effectiveness of the House of Lords’ work caused criticism and brought to a question:”Is the House of Lords as a second Chamber necessary?” There was even a strong movement to abolish the House of Lords completely.
All this brought about the necessity of reforms. The main aim of the reform is to deprive hereditary peers of the right to vote in the House of Lords. In future the House of Lords may become a partially appointed or even totally elected body and thus, will have the power like the majority of European parliaments.
Task 7.1. Answer the questions on the text.
1. What is the name of the non-elected chamber?
2. What is the characteristics of the House of Lords in modern progressive democracy?
3. Why has the power of the House of Lords decreased?
4. Why was there a strong movement to abolish the House of Lords completely?
5. What is the aim of the reform?
Variant 2
Task 1. Read the following text to get a general idea of the contents.
What Does the UN do for Justice and International Law
Through UN efforts, governments have concluded many multilateral agreements that make the world a safer, healthier place with greater opportunity and justice for all of us.
The United Nations remains in the center of international efforts to create a legal framework against terrorism. Twelve global conventions have been provided by the UN, including the 1979 Convention against Taking Hostages, the 1997 Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, and the 1999 Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of terrorism, and work is in progress on comprehensive anti-terrorism treaty.
In 2001, following the 11 September terrorist attacks in the United States, the Security Council adopted a wide-ranging anti-terrorist resolution. It included provisions to prevent the financing of terrorism, criminalize the collection of funds for such purposes, and to immediately freeze terrorist financial efforts. The Council called on States to accelerate the exchange of information regarding terrorist movements and decided that States should afford one another the greatest measure of assistance for criminal investigations of proceedings relating to terrorist acts.
A key United Nations goal – an international mechanism to impose accountability in the face of mass violations of human rights – was realized in 1998 when governments agreed to establish an International Criminal Court. The Court provides a means for punishing persons accused of war crimes, genocide and other crimes against humanity. In voting to set up the Court, the international community made it clear that impunity – the assumption that crimes will go unpunished – is no longer possible for those who commit atrocities.
Task 2. Study the following words in the context of the text and choose the meaning of each word (a, or b) that fits the context best.
1. provisions
a) food supplies
b) conditions in a legal document
2. convention
a) conference of members of a society, political party, etc.
b) agreement between States
3. suppression
a) putting an end to the activity of
b) preventing from being known or seen
4. humanity
a) quality of being humane
b) human nature
5. community
a) the people living in one place, district or country, considered as a whole
b) group of persons with common interests
Task 3. Read about the two courts and complete the sentences which follow the text with the names of the courts. Choose between ECJ and ICJ.
Comparing the Courts
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European Court of Justice Supervisory Role The ECJ is one or the principal institutions of the European Union and has the task of supervising uniform interpretation of Union law throughout the Union by close cooperation with national courts and tribunals. Article 177 of the Treaty of Rome provides that any court or tribunal in a member state may refer a question on EU law to the ECJ if it considers that ‘a decision on that question is necessary to enable it to give judgment’. The object of this referral system is to make sure that the law is interpreted in the same way throughout the Union. A reference should be made if the national court is one from which there is no further appeal, while lower courts usually have some discretion about whether or not to do so; the Article 177 procedure is expensive and time-consuming, so lower courts have been discouraged from using it. Under existing rules unless the point could be considered ‘really difficult and important’ the court should save the expense and delay of a reference and decide the issue itself. When a case is referred, proceedings will be suspended in the national court until the ECJ has given its verdict. The verdict does not tell the national court how to decide the case, but simply explains what the Union law on the matter is. The national court then has the duty of making its decision in the light of this.
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International Court of Justice Advisory Role The ICJ (byname World Court) is the principal judicial body of the United Nations. All members of the United Nations are parties to the statute of the World Court, and nonmembers may also become parties to the statute on conditions to be determined in each case by the UN General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. (Such countries as Switzerland and San Marino, though not members of the UN, are parties to the statute of the court.) Besides its judicial function of judging disputes between sovereign states, the Court is authorized by Article 65 of the statute to give advisory opinions on any legal questions at the request of the General Assembly, the Security Council, or other bodies of the United Nations and specialized agencies, when authorized by the General Assembly. Among such opinions, the court ruled that a state may not be admitted to membership in the United Nations if its application is vetoed by one of the permanent members of the Security Council.
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1. The … ICJ … is often referred to as the World Court.
2. The ... … … should not be confused with the European Court of Justice, which handles cases of dispute between parties which fall into two categories: proceedings against member states, and proceedings against the EU institutions, and is not a body of the UN.
3. Nonmembers of the UN may also become parties to the statute of the … … …
4. A reference to the … … … should be made if the national court is the highest court of appeal.
5. The judicial function of the … … … is limited by judging disputes between sovereign states.
6. In order to save time and money, a lower national court may refer a question to the … … … if the question could be considered really difficult and important.
7. After the verdict of the ... … … has been given the national court then has the duty of making its decision in the light of this.
8. The … … … has power to give advice and opinions when requested by the General Assembly, the Security Council, or other bodies of the United Nations and specialized agencies, when authorized by the General Assembly.
9. When a case is referred, proceedings will be suspended in the national court until the … … … has reached its decision.
10. The … … … has two separate functions: a judicial role, deciding cases of dispute, and a supervisory role.
Task 4. Read and choose the correct word for each space.
Trust us
The powers to obtain anti-social behavior orders (ASBOS) were _____1_____ to the police and local authorities on the assumption that they were to be used with restraint. Just as the government promises to subject only genuinely scary terrorists to house arrest, so the forces of law and order are supposed to aim their most potent weapon only ______2_____ the most dedicated and egregious troublemakers. Don't ______3_____, goes the typically British assurance, our powers may be draconian, but decency and common sense will ______4_____ we don't ____5____them.
That's not what has happened. Obtaining an ASBO is so easy (_____6_____ than one in 70 applications are turned down) _____7_____ they have been used to tackle a wide range of undesirable behavior. ASBOS allow the police to nail people for offences too minor to be criminal. Orders have been secured against crotchety old neighbors, prostitutes, beggars and mothers who argue with their children. Some of these people have subsequently been jailed for breaching their ASBOS: most absurdly, one man was _____8_____ to four months in prison for howling ____9_____ a wolf.
More worryingly, ASBOS allow the police to bypass the normal procedures of criminal _____10_____ when they suspect somebody of serious criminal activity but can't prove it. A suspected drug dealer, for instance, can be banned from using a mobile phone - a crucial tool, in his supposed profession. When he is caught doing so, he can be jailed.
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1 a) authorized |
b) granted |
c) entitled |
d) vested |
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2 a) in |
b) at |
c) into |
d) over |
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3 a) worry |
b) care |
c) bother |
d) be sorry |
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4 a) affirm |
b) confirm |
c) secure |
d) ensure |
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5 a) exaggerate |
b) overuse |
c) use |
d) report |
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6 a) a few |
b) fewer |
c) less |
d) more |
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7 a) what |
b) than |
c) that |
d) so |
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8 a) accused |
b) convicted |
c) sentenced |
d) tried |
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9 a) as |
b) how |
c) like |
d) as if |
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10 a) law |
b) justification |
c) justice |
d) judge |
Task 5. Read the following article.
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The report on discrimination against Palestinian Arab children in Israel’s schools is based on Human Rights Watch investigations at twenty six Arab and Jewish schools and on nationwide statistics compiled by the Israeli government. Nearly one-quarter of Israel’s 1.6 million schoolchildren are Palestinian Arab citizens who are educated in schools run by Israeli government, but operated
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separately from those of the Jewish majority. The report found differences in almost every aspect of the education system. The Education Ministry does not allocate as much money per head of Palestinian Arab children as it does for Jewish children. Their classes are 20 per cent larger on average. They get far fewer enrichment and remedial programs – even though they need them more – in part because
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the Ministry uses a different scale to assess need for Jewish children. Their school buildings are in worse condition, and many communities lack kindergartens for three and four-year-olds. One of the largest gaps is in special education, where disabled Palestinian Arab children get less funding and fewer services, have limited access to special schools, and lack appropriate curricula. |
a) Match the following words from the text to their synonyms. Use the context of the text to help you.
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1) investigations 2) to allocate 3) per head 4) on average 5) to assess 6) lack 7) access 8) curricula |
a) decide or fix the value of sth b) courses of study in a school, college, etc. c) careful and thorough studies of sth. d) for each person e) according to usual standard or level f) less than enough g) right or opportunity of reaching or using sth h) give as a share, distribute |
b) Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases from the text.
В среднем; учебные программы; составлять (отчет); расследование; выделять средства; доступ к чему-либо; оценивать; нехватка; на человека.
c) Choose the best translation for each of these phrases from the text.
1. The report … is based on Human Rights Watch investigations at twenty six Arab and Jewish schools.
a) Доклад основывается на расследованиях наблюдений за правами человека в двадцати арабских и еврейских школах.
b) Доклад основывается на данных, полученных в результате расследований, проведенных комиссией по надзору за соблюдением прав человека, в двадцати арабских и еврейских школах.
2. … schools run by Israeli government, but operated separately from those of the Jewish majority.
a) … государственные школы, функционирующие отдельно от школ, в которых обучается еврейское большинство.
b) … школы, управляемые израильским правительством, но работающие отдельно от большинства еврейских школ.
3. They get far fewer enrichment and remedial programs …
a) Им выделяется гораздо меньше денежных средств и оздоровительных программ.
b) Они получают гораздо меньше обогащения и исправительных программ.
4. … many communities lack kindergartens for three and four-year-olds.
a) Многие сообщества испытывают недостаток в детских садах для трех и четырехлетних детей.
b) Во многих районах существует недостаток детских садов для трех и четырехлетних детей.
5. One of the largest gaps is in special education …
a) Одним из самых больших пробелов является пробел в специальном образовании…
b) Одним из самых больших разрывов является доступ к специальному образовании…
Task 6. Read and translate the following extract into Russian in written form.
Civil and Political Rights.
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the First Optional Protocol to that Covenant both entered into force in March 1976. By 1998, the Covenant had 140 Stats parties. The Covenant established an18-member Human Rights Committee, which considers reports submitted by States parties on measures taken to implement the Covenant’s provisions. For States parties to the First Optional Protocol, the Committee also receives and considers communications from individuals who claim that their human rights, being those rights protected by the Covenant, have been violated. The letters and other documentation about individual cases remain confidential.
- The Covenant deals with such rights as freedom of movement; equality before the law; the right to a fair trial and presumption of innocence; freedom of thought, conscience and religion; freedom of opinion and expression; peaceful assembly; freedom of association, participation in public affairs and elections; and protection of minority rights.
- It prohibits arbitrary deprivation of life; torture, cruel or degrading treatment or punishment; slavery and forced labor; arbitrary arrest or detention and arbitrary interference with privacy; war propaganda, and advocacy of racial and religious hatred
The findings of the Committee are made public immediately after the session at which they wee adopted and are reproduced in the Committee’s annual report to the General Assembly.
Task 8. Put the verb in brackets into the correct Infinitive form or the Ing-form.
1. It’s no use (to talk) to Jack; he won’t change his mind.
2. She will ( return) the books next weekend.
3. It was good of you (help) me fix my bicycle.
4. The man suggested (call) the police in, to investigate.
5. I can’t get used to (live) in such a hot country.
6. He admitted (rob ) the bank.
7. You had better (hurry) or you‘ll be late for work.
8. They refused (give) me my money back.
9. She is too short (become) a fashion model.
10. My parents let me (stay) up late at weekends.
11. Our teacher makes us (do) our homework every evening.
12. The kitchen windows need (clean).
13. They have begun (make) preparations for the party.
14. He advised her (speak) to her boss.
15. I dislike (go ) to the cinema alone.
16. Mr Roberts was seen (leave) the house at 12:15 last night.
17. My sister can’t stand (watch) horror films. She gets terribly scared.
18. Can you imagine (spend) your holidays on the Moon?
19. There’s no point in (call) again. There’s no one at home.
20. I don’t allow people (smoke) in my house.
Task 7. Underline the Participles (I or II) and translate the following sentences with the
Participle into Russian in written form.
1. The international legal order is essentially decentralized, operating by agreements between states.
2. Many treaties and international agreements between countries having been signed, the World Court gets compulsory jurisdiction in case of disputes.
3. Any of the permanent members of the Security Council vetoing an application, a state may not be admitted to membership in the United Nations.
4. The Universal Declaration has served as inspiration for some 80 conventions and declarations concluded within the UNO on a wide range of issues.
5. In democratic societies certain basic rights, often called civil liberties, are felt being available to everyone.
6. Most democratic countries have a written Bill of Rights which lays down the rights and freedoms enjoyed by citizens of that country under law.
7. As pointed out previously, the explanation given is by no means complete.
8. The world watched the UNO creating a comprehensive body of human rights law.
9. There being no additional arguments, the Court concluded the procedure.
10. Taken together, these factors constitute the total picture of human rights violations in the country.
11. he institutions growing larger and more numerous, the European Union’s responsibilities have broadened.
12. Unless otherwise stated, the procedure is always the same.
1. His books are always read with great interest.
2. The room looks nice. It has been decorated.
3. There was somebody walking behind us. We were being followed.
4. The newspapers are received every day.
5. This river was swum across before.
6. He said that Grandfather’s visit had been expected the day before.
7. The cable was being brought at 7 o’clock yesterday.
8. The concert will be broadcasted tomorrow at 3 o’clock.
9. The issue was being discussed for 3 hours.
